We focused on how Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a pro-resolving lipid, impacts systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our study measured RvD1 levels and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell counts in SLE patients versus healthy individuals.
We found that higher RvD1 levels correlated with lower disease activity and fewer Tfh cells. RvD1 was effective in reducing Tfh cell activity in a mouse model and inhibited Tfh differentiation in lab tests.
Overall, RvD1 appears to play a significant role in managing SLE by suppressing Tfh cells and influencing immune responses.
Read More
7
Omega-3 shows mixed RA benefits
Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
We analyzed data from 18 randomized controlled trials involving 1018 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to understand the effects of omega-3 supplementation. Our findings revealed that omega-3 significantly increased beneficial fatty acids, EPA, and DHA, while also decreasing harmful triglycerides and tender joint counts.
However, while some inflammation markers showed slight improvements, these changes were not statistically significant. Overall, omega-3 may help manage certain symptoms of RA, but the evidence remains mixed regarding its broader impact on inflammation.
Read More
9
Stable resolvin analogue shows promise
The chemically stable analogue of resolvin D1 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by mediating the resolution of inflammation.
We explored the effects of a new, stable form of resolvin D1, called p-MPPF, on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a condition affecting the nervous system. In our research, both p-MPPF and its unstable counterpart, RvD1, showed significant promise in reducing inflammation and improving symptoms.
This was evidenced by less severe disease progression, better spinal cord health, and changes in immune cell activity. Importantly, we discovered that both substances influenced immune cells in a way that avoids inflammation. Our findings suggest that these types of compounds could lead to improved treatments for autoimmune disorders.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Eczema relief
1 people found this helpful
My experience with this product has been great. The capsules are smaller at 500mg, making them easy to swallow compared to the standard size. When bitten, they taste of olive oil with rosemary and lack the fishy smell. I take a prophylactic dose of two capsules daily. My skin is now more hydrated and elastic, with dryness disappearing. My palms, prone to eczema, remain smooth, and if I do develop it, it heals quickly. Omega-3 from Life Extension is high quality and effective.
Read More
7.5
Skin improvement
7 people found this helpful
This is not the first time I have ordered this Omega 3. Excellent quality and good dosage. I purchased the first jar upon a beautician's recommendation due to dryness on my feet. After a week of taking it, I noticed significant improvement. The capsules are large, matte, and opaque, but not difficult to swallow. Each capsule contains oily liquid, not jelly as mentioned in some reviews. I take one capsule twice a day along with vitamin C.
Read More
9
Nail strength
6 people found this helpful
My nails were strengthened and my skin tone evened out. This Omega is exceptional! My nails, which were previously peeling, became much tougher after a month of taking these capsules. Moreover, the tone of my face has smoothed out, with fewer rashes. I highly recommend this product and I am ordering my second jar. Taking more capsules at once is more economical.
We explored the effects of a new, stable form of resolvin D1, called p-MPPF, on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a condition affecting the nervous system. In our research, both p-MPPF and its unstable counterpart, RvD1, showed significant promise in reducing inflammation and improving symptoms.
This was evidenced by less severe disease progression, better spinal cord health, and changes in immune cell activity. Importantly, we discovered that both substances influenced immune cells in a way that avoids inflammation. Our findings suggest that these types of compounds could lead to improved treatments for autoimmune disorders.
Read More
8
Omega-3s may improve SLE outcomes
Serum fatty acid profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and patient reported outcomes: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology & Surveillance (MILES) Program.
We explored the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using data from 418 participants. Our analysis focused on how different fatty acids relate to disease activity, pain, and sleep quality.
The results highlight that higher levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are linked to better outcomes in SLE patients. Although our findings support the idea that omega-3s can be beneficial, more research is needed to confirm these benefits and their long-term effects.
This suggests that improving omega-3 intake through diet could be an effective strategy for managing SLE.
Read More
8
Omega-3 fatty acids, type 1 diabetes
Reduction of Chemokine CXCL9 Expression by Omega-3 Fatty Acids via ADP-Ribosylhydrolase ARH3 in MIN6 Insulin-Producing Cells.
We explored the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin-producing cells, particularly focusing on their role in reducing inflammation related to type 1 diabetes. Our findings suggest that omega-3s boost a protein called ARH3, which helps lower the expression of a harmful chemokine, CXCL9.
This mechanism seems to shield β cells from autoimmune attacks, potentially decreasing the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Overall, while omega-3s show promise as an anti-inflammatory agent, the full impact on autoimmune disorders necessitates further investigation.
Read More
8
Omega-3s show mixed benefits
Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis.
We explored the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disorders, conducting a comprehensive review and Mendelian randomization analysis.
Our findings indicate that omega-3s provide benefits primarily for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, improving disease activity and reducing inflammation.
However, there was no strong evidence supporting their effectiveness against other autoimmune conditions like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. This suggests that while omega-3s may benefit certain illnesses, more research is needed for others.
Read More
8
Omega-3 helps reduce lupus activity
Correction of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and improvement in disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with krill oil concentrate: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We conducted a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine how omega-3 fish oil, specifically from krill oil concentrate (KOC), affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Our research showed that KOC effectively corrected omega-3 deficiency and led to a decrease in disease activity for patients with more severe symptoms.
While outcomes were promising, we believe that further studies are necessary to confirm the long-term benefits of omega-3 supplementation for managing lupus.
My experience with this product has been great. The capsules are smaller at 500mg, making them easy to swallow compared to the standard size. When bitten, they taste of olive oil with rosemary and lack the fishy smell. I take a prophylactic dose of two capsules daily. My skin is now more hydrated and elastic, with dryness disappearing. My palms, prone to eczema, remain smooth, and if I do develop it, it heals quickly. Omega-3 from Life Extension is high quality and effective.
Read More
7.5
Skin improvement
7 people found this helpful
This is not the first time I have ordered this Omega 3. Excellent quality and good dosage. I purchased the first jar upon a beautician's recommendation due to dryness on my feet. After a week of taking it, I noticed significant improvement. The capsules are large, matte, and opaque, but not difficult to swallow. Each capsule contains oily liquid, not jelly as mentioned in some reviews. I take one capsule twice a day along with vitamin C.
Read More
9
Nail strength
6 people found this helpful
My nails were strengthened and my skin tone evened out. This Omega is exceptional! My nails, which were previously peeling, became much tougher after a month of taking these capsules. Moreover, the tone of my face has smoothed out, with fewer rashes. I highly recommend this product and I am ordering my second jar. Taking more capsules at once is more economical.
Read More
6
Inflammation reduction
1 people found this helpful
This product has no fishy aftertaste and is of great quality from a good source, offering excellent value for money. I am hopeful that with this order, I can reduce inflammation in my body and enhance my cognitive function.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues, believing them to be foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses. This reaction can lead to inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired function of the affected organs. There are over 80 known autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, each with its own specific symptoms and treatment options. The exact cause of these disorders is still unclear, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors is believed to play a role in their development.
Diagnosis of autoimmune disorders often involves a combination of physical examinations, assessment of symptoms, blood tests, and imaging studies to evaluate organ involvement. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and controlling the immune response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. In addition to medication, lifestyle modifications, such as stress management and a balanced diet, can be beneficial in managing symptoms. If you suspect you have an autoimmune condition, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and tailored treatment options.
Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.
Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.
The potential benefits of Omega-3 fish oil for autoimmune disorders are gaining attention in the medical community, but the evidence is still a topic of ongoing research. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA found in fish oil, are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help in managing symptoms associated with several autoimmune conditions. Some studies suggest that the intake of Omega-3 fatty acids can modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation, potentially offering relief for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, while these benefits are promising, they are not a substitute for conventional treatment and should be approached as a complementary strategy.
It's important to note that individual responses to Omega-3 supplements can vary widely, and more research is needed to determine optimal dosages, specific patient populations, and long-term effects. If you're considering adding Omega-3 fish oil to your regimen for an autoimmune disorder, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider. They can provide personalized guidance based on your health needs, help you understand potential interactions with other medications, and ensure that you choose a high-quality supplement that meets your requirements.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe to see results from taking the Omega-3 supplement can vary, with many users noticing improvements within a week to a month. For instance, one user reported significant improvement in dryness on their feet after just one week of taking the product Read Review. Another user experienced strengthened nails and improved skin tone after a month of use Read Review.
Overall, while some users may notice positive effects relatively quickly, consistent supplementation over a longer duration can yield more pronounced benefits, particularly for conditions related to inflammation and skin health. Each individual's response may vary, so it’s recommended to monitor your progress and consult with a healthcare provider if you have specific health concerns.
The scientific research surrounding omega-3 fatty acids suggests they may have potential benefits for managing certain autoimmune disorders. For example, studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids can lead to improved outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, particularly through reducing inflammation and disease activity, as observed in multiple trials [1][8]. Additionally, research shows that higher intake of oily fish is associated with a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [3][12]. Despite these promising findings, the evidence is not universally applicable to all autoimmune conditions, as results remain mixed for others like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis [6].
Moreover, while some studies indicate a possible protective effect against type 1 diabetes through mechanisms that shield insulin-producing cells, more research is needed to fully substantiate these claims [2]. The overall consensus in the literature points to a cautious optimism regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acids while emphasizing the necessity for further studies to clarify their efficacy across different autoimmune disorders. Therefore, if you're considering omega-3 supplements to manage an autoimmune condition, it may be beneficial, but consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report significant improvements in various symptoms after using the Omega-3 supplement. One user noted enhanced skin hydration and elasticity, with dryness disappearing and eczema-prone areas remaining smooth and healing quickly Read Review. Another reviewer experienced marked improvement in skin tone and nail strength, mentioning that their previously peeling nails became tougher over the course of a month Read Review.
Moreover, users appreciate that the product does not have a fishy aftertaste, which is a common concern with Omega-3 supplements, and many feel it offers excellent value for money Read Review. Overall, while experiences vary from person to person, those who consistently take the supplement seem to realize benefits such as improved skin condition and reduced dryness. As always, it is important to consider individual differences and consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Based on user reviews, there are notable insights regarding the combination of the Omega-3 supplement with other dietary elements for managing autoimmune disorders. Users report integrating this supplement into their routine alongside other vitamins, such as vitamin C, to enhance its effectiveness. For instance, one user mentioned taking Omega-3 capsules along with vitamin C and noticed a significant improvement in dryness on their feet after just one week of use Read Review. This combination seems beneficial for some users in addressing symptoms related to hydration and inflammation, which are common concerns for those with autoimmune conditions.
Additionally, reviews highlight the overall quality and efficacy of the Omega-3 supplement, with many users experiencing improvements in skin health and elasticity when incorporated into a broader wellness routine Read Review. Users emphasize the absence of a fishy aftertaste, enabling them to combine it with other supplements without discomfort. While individual responses may vary, these testimonials suggest that pairing Omega-3 with other supportive nutrients could lead to more comprehensive management of autoimmune symptoms.
According to recent research, the optimal dose for omega-3 fish oil in treating autoimmune disorders generally hovers around 1,000 mg per day. A study examining autoimmune disease incidence over several years noted this specific dosage could lead to a sustained reduction in cases (research ID: 38272846). Additionally, there is emerging evidence suggesting that higher levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, demonstrate promise in managing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These fatty acids have been linked to improved disease activity and inflammation reduction, but more studies are needed for conclusive results (research ID: 39357585).
For specific conditions such as SLE, clinical trials have shown that omega-3 supplementation has potential benefits, such as decreased disease activity and symptom alleviation (research IDs: 39009356 and 39744623). While omega-3 supplementation may not universally apply to all autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, the current consensus points towards a beneficial role of omega-3 in managing select autoimmune conditions. Thus, integrating a daily intake of approximately 1,000 mg of omega-3 fish oil could be a wise approach for individuals looking to manage symptoms related to particular autoimmune disorders.
7.5
Skin improvement
7 people found this helpful
This is not the first time I have ordered this Omega 3. Excellent quality and good dosage. I purchased the first jar upon a beautician's recommendation due to dryness on my feet. After a week of taking it, I noticed significant improvement. The capsules are large, matte, and opaque, but not difficult to swallow. Each capsule contains oily liquid, not jelly as mentioned in some reviews. I take one capsule twice a day along with vitamin C.
9
Nail strength
6 people found this helpful
My nails were strengthened and my skin tone evened out. This Omega is exceptional! My nails, which were previously peeling, became much tougher after a month of taking these capsules. Moreover, the tone of my face has smoothed out, with fewer rashes. I highly recommend this product and I am ordering my second jar. Taking more capsules at once is more economical.
9
Eczema relief
1 people found this helpful
My experience with this product has been great. The capsules are smaller at 500mg, making them easy to swallow compared to the standard size. When bitten, they taste of olive oil with rosemary and lack the fishy smell. I take a prophylactic dose of two capsules daily. My skin is now more hydrated and elastic, with dryness disappearing. My palms, prone to eczema, remain smooth, and if I do develop it, it heals quickly. Omega-3 from Life Extension is high quality and effective.
6
Inflammation reduction
1 people found this helpful
This product has no fishy aftertaste and is of great quality from a good source, offering excellent value for money. I am hopeful that with this order, I can reduce inflammation in my body and enhance my cognitive function.
8
Omega-3s may improve SLE outcomes
Serum fatty acid profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and patient reported outcomes: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology & Surveillance (MILES) Program.
We explored the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using data from 418 participants. Our analysis focused on how different fatty acids relate to disease activity, pain, and sleep quality.
The results highlight that higher levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are linked to better outcomes in SLE patients. Although our findings support the idea that omega-3s can be beneficial, more research is needed to confirm these benefits and their long-term effects.
This suggests that improving omega-3 intake through diet could be an effective strategy for managing SLE.
8
Omega-3 helps reduce lupus activity
Correction of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and improvement in disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with krill oil concentrate: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We conducted a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine how omega-3 fish oil, specifically from krill oil concentrate (KOC), affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Our research showed that KOC effectively corrected omega-3 deficiency and led to a decrease in disease activity for patients with more severe symptoms.
While outcomes were promising, we believe that further studies are necessary to confirm the long-term benefits of omega-3 supplementation for managing lupus.
7
Oily fish intake may protect RA
Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis.
We explored how diet might influence the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a detailed Mendelian randomisation analysis. By examining data from extensive genome-wide association studies, we focused on twenty-two dietary factors. Our findings highlighted a notable genetic connection: higher intake of oily fish was linked to a lower risk of RA. Specifically, those who consumed oily fish showed a protective effect. Other dietary factors didn’t show significant relationships. This study emphasizes the potential benefits of adjusting one’s diet, particularly incorporating more oily fish for those at risk of RA.
7
Omega-3 reduces rheumatoid arthritis risk
Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study.
We explored the relationship between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2020.
After analyzing dietary information from over 50,000 participants, we found a negative correlation indicating that higher consumption of these fatty acids may reduce the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
This suggests that incorporating omega-3 and omega-6 fats into our diet could be beneficial for reducing arthritis risk in adults.
8
Omega-3s show mixed benefits
Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis.
We explored the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disorders, conducting a comprehensive review and Mendelian randomization analysis.
Our findings indicate that omega-3s provide benefits primarily for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, improving disease activity and reducing inflammation.
However, there was no strong evidence supporting their effectiveness against other autoimmune conditions like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. This suggests that while omega-3s may benefit certain illnesses, more research is needed for others.
8
Omega-3 fatty acids, type 1 diabetes
Reduction of Chemokine CXCL9 Expression by Omega-3 Fatty Acids via ADP-Ribosylhydrolase ARH3 in MIN6 Insulin-Producing Cells.
We explored the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin-producing cells, particularly focusing on their role in reducing inflammation related to type 1 diabetes. Our findings suggest that omega-3s boost a protein called ARH3, which helps lower the expression of a harmful chemokine, CXCL9.
This mechanism seems to shield β cells from autoimmune attacks, potentially decreasing the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Overall, while omega-3s show promise as an anti-inflammatory agent, the full impact on autoimmune disorders necessitates further investigation.
References
Gilley KN, Fenton JI, Zick SM, Li K, Wang L, et al. Serum fatty acid profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and patient reported outcomes: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology & Surveillance (MILES) Program. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1459297. 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459297
You Y, Sarkar S, Deiter C, Elliott EC, Nicora CD, et al. Reduction of Chemokine CXCL9 Expression by Omega-3 Fatty Acids via ADP-Ribosylhydrolase ARH3 in MIN6 Insulin-Producing Cells. Proteomics. 2025;25:e202400053. 10.1002/pmic.202400053
Wang Y, Hu S, Zhang W, Zhang B, Yang Z. Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Br J Nutr. 2025;133:107. 10.1017/S0007114524002721
Nave CBD, Pereira P, Silva ML. The Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Supplementation on Clinical Manifestations and Inflammatory Parameters in Individuals with Sjögren's Syndrome: A Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16213786
Szczuko M, Kacprzak J, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, et al. The Influence of an Anti-Inflammatory Gluten-Free Diet with EPA and DHA on the Involvement of Maresin and Resolvins in Hashimoto's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. 10.3390/ijms252111692
Hong K, Hun M, Wu F, Mao J, Wang Y, et al. Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23:103651. 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103651
Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zou M, Wu H, Liu C, et al. The chemically stable analogue of resolvin D1 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by mediating the resolution of inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;140:112740. 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112740
Salmon J, Wallace DJ, Rus V, Cox A, Dykas C, et al. Correction of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and improvement in disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with krill oil concentrate: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2024;11. 10.1136/lupus-2024-001201
Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. 10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
Cervantes A, Hughes FM, Jin H, Purves JT. Specialized pro-resolution mediators in the bladder: effects of resolvin E1 on diabetic bladder dysfunction in the type 1 diabetic male Akita mouse model. BMC Urol. 2024;24:130. 10.1186/s12894-024-01519-3
Chen Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Xu B, Zhang W, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus: a large population-based prospective study. Nutr J. 2024;23:63. 10.1186/s12937-024-00965-x
Kang T, Xi Y, Qian T, Lu S, Du M, et al. Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1720. 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/91tmfb
Laevski AM, Doucet MR, Doucet MS, LeBlanc AA, Pineau PE, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the production of platelet-derived microvesicles in an in vivo inflammatory arthritis model. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63:2221. 10.1007/s00394-024-03397-9
Huang L, Wu J, Cao J, Sheng X, Wang M, et al. Resolvin D1 inhibits T follicular helper cell expansion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2024;53:276. 10.1080/03009742.2024.2344906
Lin X, Zarghami A, Jelinek GA, Simpson-Yap S, Neate S, et al. Diet and omega-3 and vitamin D supplement use predict five-year fatigue and disability trajectories in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;86:105615. 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105615
Costenbader KH, Cook NR, Lee IM, Hahn J, Walter J, et al. Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024;76:973. 10.1002/art.42811